3rd KBA workshop 1 Perception verbs in Nǁng (ǃUi, Tuu) and beyond Tom Güldemann Humboldt University Berlin and MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig 1 Introduction (1) Taa-Lower Nossob Taa (DC) West: Nǀuǁ'en, West ǃXoon East: Nǀamani, Kakia, East ǃXoon, Nǀoha, etc. Lower Nossob (?DC): ǀ'Auni, ǀHaasi (2) ǃUi ǀXam (DC) Nǁng: Nǀuu, ǂKhomani, Nǀhuki (DC) ǂUngkue ǁXegwi Note: DC = dialect cluster, = extinct Figure 1: Classification of Tuu (= Southern Khoisan) English Positive Negative Sight look at see look beautiful ugly Hearing listen to hear sound Touch feel good, bad Taste taste nice Smell smell Gǀui-Gǁana (Khoe) Activity Experience Sight mṹũ īī Hearing Touch Taste Smell kúḿ ǁām
3rd KBA workshop 2 2 A questionnaire: Nǁng Speaker C Sight 1 (Sight-A) Peter was looking/looked at the birds Petrus het die voël gekyk. Petrus ke xa ǂaqe ǂquisi PN THET PST look bird Peter looked at a/the bird 2 (Sight-E) Peter saw the birds Petrus het n voël gesien. Petrus ke xa nǀaa ǂquisi PN THET PST see bird Peter saw a/the bird 3 (Sight-P) Peter looked happy Petrus lyk gelukkig ǃxoe ku nǀng Petrus ǀee tyhaaʼi EXPL be.like 1S PN heart sweet intended: Peter seems happy; lit.: it seems to me Peter s heart is sweet Petrus lyk soos sy pa Petrus ke ku ha aanki PN THET be.like 3S father Peter looks like his father Hearing 4 (Hear-A) Peter was listening/listened to the radio Peter luister die voël (wat) in die boom (is) Petrus ke ka tyum in ǂquisi he ǀ ee soo ǂhii PN THET listen bird REL enter sit tree Peter listens to a/the bird in the tree 5 (Hear-E) Peter heard the radio Peter het die voël gehoor Petrus ke xa tyuu-a ǂquisi PN THET PST hear-relv bird Peter heard a/the bird
3rd KBA workshop 3 6 (Hear-P) Peter sounded sad Petrus klink treurig Petrus ke ǀkx obe-a PN THET sad-relv intended: Peter sounds sad; lit.: Peter is sad Petrus snork soos n puff udder Petrus ke ǃxaru ǁaa ǃoeke PN THET snore SIML puff udder intended: Peter( s snoring) sounds like a puff udder, lit.: Peter snores like a puff udder Touch 7 (Touch-A) Peter felt the cloth to see how soft it was Petrus voel hoe lyk die doek Petrus ke ka khinn in ǃxaisi a nǁa dyee tyhaa PN THET feel cloth DEI MPO:PROX be.how appear Peter feels the cloth how it is 8 (Touch-E) Peter felt a stone under his foot Petrus het n klip onder sy voet gevoel Petrus ke xng khinn-a ǁuru nǁa ǃkx uuke PN THET PST feel-relv stone MPO:PROX feet Peter felt a stone under his foot. 9 (Touch-P) The cloth felt soft Die doek is/voel saf ǃxaisi a ke ka mana tyhaa cloth DEI THET? soft appear the cloth feels soft Die doek voel soos my vel ǃxaisi a ke khinn ǁaa ng dyoon cloth DEI THET feel SIML 1S skin the cloth feels like my skin
3rd KBA workshop 4 Taste 10 (Taste-A) Peter tasted the food to see if he could eat it Petrus het hierdie kos geproe Petrus ke xng ka ts inn a aanki hngke PN THET PST taste:relv food DEI Peter tasted the food (in preparation with ka) Petrus het geproe hoe smaak hierdie kos Petrus ke xng ts inn a ng aanki hngke dyee ts aa PN THET PST taste:relv?mpo food DEI be.how taste.like Peter tasted/tried the food how it tastes (in preparation with ka) 11 (Taste-E) Peter tasted garlic in the soup Petrus het die sout in die kos geproe Petrus ke xng ts inn a dyebe ng aanki PN THET PST taste:relv salt MPO food Peter tasted (the) salt in the food 12 (Taste-P) The soup tasted good/bad/of garlic Die kos smaak naar sout aanki hngke ke ts inn dyebe food DEI.P THET taste salt the food tastes salty Die kos smaak lekker aanki hngke ke ts inn tyhaaʼi food DEI.P THET taste sweet the food tastes good Smell 13 (Smell-A) Peter smelled the food to see if he could eat it Petrus snuffel/ruik die kos Petrus ke ǃqhao aanki hngke PN THET smell food DEI.P Peter smells/sniffs the food
3rd KBA workshop 5 Petrus snuffel/ruik baie die kos Petrus ke ka ǃqhao kx ain aanki PN THET smell food Peter smells/sniffs the food 14 (Smell-E) Peter smelled garlic in the soup Petrus ruik iets in die kos Petrus ke ǃqhao-(a) gao ng aanki PN THET smell- thing MPO food Peter smells something in the food 15 (Smell-P) The soup smelled good/bad/of garlic Die kos ruik lekker Aanki hngke ke ǁ ann tyhaaʼi food DEI.P THET smell sweet the food smells good 3 Considerable cross-khoisan variation Nǁng C (ǃUi, Tuu) Sight ǂaqe nǀaa (ku) Hearing ka tyum in tyuu - Touch ka khinn in khinn khinn, (tyhaa) Taste (ka) ts inn in ts inn ts inn Smell ka ǃqhao kx ain ǃqhao ǁ ann Gǀui-Gǁana (Khoe) Activity Experience Sight mṹũ īī Hearing Touch Taste Smell kúḿ ǁām
3rd KBA workshop 6 4 Genealogical comparison Nǁng-internal Nǁng C Positive Negative Sight ǂaqe nǀaa (ku) ǀhaquka ǂxuin Hearing ka tyum in tyuu - tyhaaʼi kx uu ǂxuin Touch ka khinn in khinn khinn, (tyhaa) tyhaaʼi kx uu ǂxuin Taste ka ts inn in ts inn ts inn tyhaaʼi kx uu ǂxuin Smell ka ǃqhao kx ain ǃqhao ǁ ann tyhaaʼi kx uu ǂxuin Nǁng F Positive Negative Sight ǂaqe nǀaa (ku) ǀhaquka ǂxuin Hearing ka tyum in tyuu - tyhaa i ǀqoqan i Touch khinn khinn tyhaa, (naa)?ǂhuu?ǂxunn Taste ts inn ts inn (ts inn), ts aa tyhaaʼi ǀqoqan i Smell ǃqhao ǃqhao ǁ ann tyhaaʼi, (ǂhuu) ǀqoqan i Nǁng B (most deviant dialect, data from Martina Ernszt) Positive Negative Sight ǂaqe nǀaa ku, nyaa ǀhaqoka ǂxuin Hearing tyum(ʼin) tyuu? tyhaaʼi ǀqoqaʼi Touch ǂʼinn(ʼin), khinn khinn khinn?? Taste tsʼinn tsʼinn tsʼinn, (tsʼaa) tyhaaʼi ǀqoqaʼi Smell? ǁʼang ǁʼang tyhaaʼi??proto-nǁng Positive Negative Sight *ǂaqe *nǀaa (*ku) *ǀhaquka *ǂxuin Hearing *t(y)um *t(y)uu - Touch *t(y)hann > *t(y)haa, (?*naa) *t(y)haa i?*ǀqoqa(n) i Taste *ts ann > *ts aa Smell *ǃqhao *ǁ an
3rd KBA workshop 7 ǃUi-internal comparison?proto-nǁng (ǃUi, Tuu) Sight *ǂaqe *nǀaa (*ku) Hearing *t(y)um *t(y)uu - Touch *t(y)hann > *t(y)haa, (?*naa) Taste *ts ann > *ts aa Smell *ǃqhao *ǁ an ǀXam (ǃUi, Tuu) Sight ǁkx o(q)e(nn/ng) nǀaa, (ttaan)? Hearing tum, tuui, (nǀe) tuu tuu? Touch (ts am) ttaan ttaan Taste ts am?? Smell ǃk(h)ao(n), kui ǂaqa au ttang, ǁ ang Generic ttaan in ttaan, (ttang) (ttang) Proto-ǃUi Activity Experience Sight - *nǀaa? Hearing *tum *tuu? Touch?? *tha-? *tha- Taste *ts a-?? Smell *ǃqhao *ǁ an
3rd KBA workshop 8 5 Semantic relations between verbs Horizontal relations among perception verbs Experience verb as basis of activity verb by morphological elaboration Experience Activity Germ. hören + ACC zuhören + DAT sich anhören + ACC ǀXam thaan thaan in tuu hear nǀe tuu tui < tuu+i tum see Nǁng below Nǁng ts inn taste ka ts inn in khinn in touch ka khinn in ts aa taste ts inn?< ts ǝnn < ts ann < *ts aa+n thaa touch khinn?< thinn < thǝnn < thann < *thaa+n t(y)uu hear t(y)um?< tunn < *tuu+n or t(y)uu?< tubu t(y)um?< tumu(n) < *tubu+n?experience verb expands to copulative verb F copulative ǃxaisi ke tyhaa ng dyoon cloth THET appear 1S skin the cloth feels like my skin C copulative ǃxaisi a ke ka mana tyhaa cloth DEI THET? soft appear the cloth feels soft C experience ǃxaisi a ke khinn ǁaa ng dyoon cloth DEI THET feel SIML 1S skin the cloth feels like my skin F copulative+experience aanki ke ts aa dyebe food THET taste.like salt aanki ke ts inn dyebe food THET taste salt the food tastes salt
3rd KBA workshop 9 C experience aanki hngke ke ts inn dyebe food DEI.P THET taste salt the food tastes salty?experience verb to ask by morphological elaboration Experience ask Nǁng tyuu hear ka tyuu in ǀXam ttang feel ttang in?copulative verb > positive quality verb Copulative Positive quality Germ. schmecken schmecken, schmackhaft Nǁng tyhaa tyhaa i good (non-sight perception)?< *tyhaa+ i ǃxaisi ke tyhaa ǀuaxu se dyoon cloth THET feel sheep GEN skin the cloth feels like sheep skin ǃʼui ke tyhaa i song THET be.good the song is good?copulative verb > negative quality verb Phenomenon Germ. riechen Engl. smell ǀXam ttang feel Negative quality riechen smell ttang feel pain ǃ aun ee ttang toi ǀwai soil.2 2REL feel ostrich scent dust which smelt of the ostrich s scent (Bleek 1956: 191) ng ttang 1S feel.pain I was in pain (Bleek 1956: 191)
3rd KBA workshop 10 Vertical neutralization : generic perception verbs in Tuu? ǀXam (ǃUi, Tuu) Sight ǁkx o(q)e(nn/ng) nǀaa, (?ttaan)? Hearing tum, tuui, (nǀe) tuu tuu? Touch (ts am) ttaan ttaan Taste ts am?? Smell ǃk(h)ao(n), kui ǂaqa au,? ttang, ǁ ang Generic ttaan in ttaan, (ttang) (ttang) hi se ǃhaqm ttaan ǁang 2PRO SUBJ first feel hunger that they would first feel hunger (Bleek 1956: 186) he ǁ uu hi-ng ǀu ee si ttaan in hin 2DEI fatigue.2 2PRO-THET? TF 1P.E feel 2PRO this fatigue, this is what we feel (Bleek 1956: 188) i g nǀe ttaan ha nǃoa 1P.I? IPFV feel 1PRO spoor we see his spoor [possibly: smell] (Bleek 1956: 184) au ha doqa ttaan toeta ǃkhoa CONN 1PRO? feel nice:relv water as he felt the water to be pleasent (Bleek 1956: 184) ǃ aun ee ttaan seritnn au ǃ aun taa thi ǀari e soil.2 THET feel cold because soil.2 wet COP the ground feels cold because it is wet (Bleek 1956: 184) ǃ aun ee ttang toi ǀwai soil.2 2REL feel ostrich scent dust which smelt of the ostrich s scent (Bleek 1956: 191)
3rd KBA workshop 11 East ǃXoon (Taa, Tuu) Sight ǀuqM, nǃaqm nǀaa? Hearing ǁ(q) ole? Touch? taqmn? Taste ts ann km nǀum km? Smell ǂoho km nǀum km? Tswana Activity Experience Sight beba bona lebega Hearing reetsa Touch tswara utlwa utlwa utlwala Taste leka try Smell nkga or dupa nkga Gǀui-Gǁana (Khoe) Activity Experience Sight mṹũ īī Hearing Touch Taste Smell kúḿ ǁām